2.
   2023
/   

(  )
 : 3     :70
:     -    ,          
                  
               
 -
1.          
2.         
 -
3.           
4.       ?            
 -
2.
5.             
6.           ?    -
           
-
7.            
8.             
2.
   2023
/   

(  )
 : 3     :70
:     -    ,          
                  
               
 -
1.          
:󷇲󷇱       '   
2.
          ,         
             ,      '
   ,   -      ,   
    
                   :
          ,      
  

        
    
  -             
     
󷉍󷉎󷉓󷉏󷉐󷉑󷉒:      
              ""    
              '     
:
-  (    )
-  (       )
       , ,         
 
󷈴󷈶󷈵          |
2.
                   
     
󷄧󷄫  ()–()
      '       
         
         
       
         ,        
 , -      " "       , 
      
2.
󷄧󷄬  ( )–()
        ,        
  40°C     
                
     
    
    
  ,          
          -        
        
2.
󷄧󷄭  ( )  ()–()
              -,    
     -              
  
 
   :
       

       
   -      
 
      
 
       ,       
    ;         
󷄧󷄮    ()–()
2.
  ,                
     
, -  ( )  ,           
        -    
            
 ,      
 
󷇮󷇭      
        ,       ' -   :
  -   
   -      
    --   
 -      
  -    ( ,  )
2.
     , 
,   ,  
     
  
󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆      
         :
 (    '   )
    
    
   
   
   '         
    '  

󽆪󽆫󽆬
               ,  
                 
  ,        
    -
, ,      -    
    
  ,        
2.         
:   ?
                 
  '      ,          , 
      
           
          
1.  -      '      
2. - -   (-, , , ) -    
 
3. - , ,          
2.
4.  -         ,      
      
            |
1.      
     ( 200   )     ,   
 ,    ,  -    
  : , -      ,   
   
 : , ,   
 :     ,    
2.      
     ; 100-200       
 
 ,  , ,        
  :           
 :  , ,  , 
 :     ,    
3.       
75            ,    , ,
      
  :  , , ,    
 :       ,  ,  
4.   
   -       
  :      
o  :   
o  :   (, )
o  :   (,  ,  )
o  : , , 
 :          
5.  
       (    , ,  ,
 )     
  : -       
2.
 :      
 :     ,      (  ) 
  
6.   
        
  :   ,      ,   
 :   ,      
   
   : -     ,  
  
  :       
 : ,  ,     
  :            

              
        ,          
 ,                 
   
   ,        

    
 -
3.           
:󷇮󷇭   ?
   '              ' ,  
 ,              
 '      ,       
: , , , , ,  , , 
      ,   
   - 
     '     
2.
󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩         |
             '  -    
 
󷄧󷄫-   
2.
         ,  , ,     
     
 :
 (, )
 (, )



   ,          (   ,
)
󷄧󷄬-   
2.
    ,        
 :
 (, )


     '      
󷄧󷄭- 
2.
           
 :
 ()
   ( )

   
            
󽂍󽂎󽂏            |
     '         :
2.
󷄧󷄫  
              
    (  )
-      
-       
 -       
   ,          
-  ( 
)
  -   , 
  -   
  - ,  
 , ,        
󷄧󷄬-  
    
          
:
  -  
 -   
 - , 
 - 
         ,      
󷄧󷄭  (  )
        

2.
              :




           
2.
   
      " "   
    :
  ()


-  
  ,        
󷄧󷄮  
         
:

2.

                 
                
󷫿󷬀󷬁󷬄󷬅󷬆󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬊󷬋󷬂󷬃           |
          
 :
      
      
   (,  , )
 
   
  (, , )
  ,      

󽁔󽁕󽁖      
      ,        :
  (  ,  )
    
-    
   
-  
 ,     
󷊆󷊇     
       ,         

  :
  
  
 
2.
  
      
󷄧󼿒
   ,                
,             - 
         -   , , ,  
             ,  
           
4.       ?            
: - 
                - 
,                - 
  ,                 
   ,          
          |
  95 -     ,        :
1.   - , ,  , , 
2.   - , , , , , , 
3. -  -  , , , , 
4.  - ,      
  
1. 
          
  ' , , ,          
  50%            
 
2.
2.
   -     ,   , , , 
   
   ,        
3. 
         
       
4.   
    '       
 , ,        
   
5. 
          
, ,         
        
6.    
  , ,           
 
-         
       
7.  
 , ,             
     
8.   
 (  ,  )       
      ,     ()  
9.   
        
        
    
        |
2.
  :  , ,       
 
  :          
 
 :         
 
 :          
    
      
      
       
        

         ,            
             

 
, 
   ,          , 
 ,              
       
 -
5.             
:1.     
                  
   ,         ,        
 
            -    '     
     :
      
          
 
   ,             


2.
2.  (
) ' 
           '    
        '            

   
 
 :
      
        
       
       , ,
 ,         
3.      
    ,              
              :
-   
 
   
  
 ,              ,    
             
4.      
        ,        
 
 (     )      ,      ' 
' 
 
     :
 
  
   
   
    ,       
 
2.
5.       ()
  , ,             
            

           '       
 
 :
  
  
  
  
              
6.            
               :
  
 
  

  -     
:
     
     
      
7.    
      ,        
   
 :
   () 

    
 
   -
2.
   
 ,            ,   
           
    


8.        
              
     :
       
  
     
   
       ,          
9.        
              :
  
   

 
              

              :
 
  
 
      
 
10.  '    
2.
     ,    -   '   
     
    :
   
   
    
 
 (  '      )
         
11.         
        
:
 
 
  
 
   
         ,         
 
12.     
     
     
  :
 
  
   -
    ,      
  
    
 
󷊆󷊇
2.
        ,          
    -  ,  ' ,   ,  ,
,  ,          
 
 ,            
,    ,  ,  ,   
    ,          
             '    
6.           ?    -
           
:1.  ' 
       
'        
    '          
,  ,           -  
   ,       
2.   
 ,          ,         
       ,      ,
       
 
3.   
     ,            
,     ,          
                
 
4.       
        ,         
   '   ,          
   ,           
   ' 
  
5.    
2.
       
  -  '  
                  
               
6.        - 
             , 
             ' - 
 
-   (MSP)   ,      
 , 
   
7.         
 ,  
 ,        -
     ,   ,       
       
 
8.      
         ,       '
    , ,         ,
         '    
9.        
 ,              
            ,     
         
 
10.    
              
   
 ,         
      
11.  - 
      
 -          
,              
       '   
 ,     
 

2.
     - :  ' ,   , 
,   ,   ,        
        ,       
    
 '   ,      :  ,  ,
  ,   ,       , 
-   ,           
     
-
7.            
:󷊆󷊇    
2.
             ,  
           ,  ,   
                   
      
,   ,          
              
 ,       -    ,  
       -       (  
 )             
     
󷫿󷬀󷬁󷬄󷬅󷬆󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬊󷬋󷬂󷬃          |
       1854     ,       
     , , ,       
           :
      
      
     
  
   ,  "  "   " 
"    
󼪿󼫂󼫃󼫀󼫄󼫅󼫁󼫆     
2.
     ,          ' :
1. -         
2. -   ()     
3.  -          
4. -         ,     

 --  
            
 
󷿱󸢢󷿨󷿩󸿣󸿤󷿬󷿭󸿥󷿮󷿯󸿦󷿰󸿧󸿨󸿩󸢥󸢦󸢧󸢨󸿪󸢩󸢪󸢫󸿫󸿬󸢬󸢭󸢮󸢯󸢰󸿭󷿿󸀀󸀁󸀂    
2.
              
  
 
1.  
       -           
 , ,       ,       
        
2.    
             
  
                 
3.  
     , ,        
          
4.    
              , 
       
󼫇󼫉󼫈         
2.
         :
1.  
                 
       ,      
   
2.   
                 
       ,    ,       
3.     
                 
    -,           
󹵝󹵟󹵞       
      :
  - , , 
 - , , 
  - , , 
 
  -  
    , ,          
2.
󽁔󽁕󽁖   
    ,          :
        
         
           
        
        
            
󺛺󺛻󺛿󺜀󺛼󺛽󺛾      
   ,       :
   
    
  
   
"  "  " " 
,   ,         ,     
    
󷇮󷇭           |
                  
                 
  , -   -      
󷄧󼿒
          
 -  ,   
            ,     -
             ,  
         
2.
8.             
:   ?
    ,        ,  
          (PSU),    , 
,         
  
   1947     ,        :
  ,   ,   '      
              ,   , ,
                  
           |
1.   
          

 '     ,     
     
:      (),     
()
2.    
 ,  , ,      '   
    
                
3.   
             
    
                

4.   
,          
         
5.       
2.
             
,              
 
6.     
    ,      
   
         
7.    
      ,         
   
8.       
       
     
   
 
     
      -  
     
        
  
    
              
         
          '  
 (1991  )           

       
,                   


   ,         '   
 ,              


 ,     ,         


2.

           -  
    
             
     ,    ,    
         ,     '     
,         ,         
  
"                 
 
          ,         
 "